Efficacy of Pyridoxine(vitamin B-6)in the treatment of premenstrual Article

Efficacy of Pyridoxine(vitamin B-6)in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome - Article Example Premenstrual symptoms are those symptoms that a woman experiences before her menses. This syndrome occurs in the days leading to the woman’s period. The symptoms include nausea, headache, pain in the lower abdomen and a feeling of being weak among others. There has been a recent study on these effects and vitamin B-6. It need to be proven that this vitamin has an impact to the premenstrual syndrome though it is believed it affects as will be seen in the essay. (Patricia O Chocano-Bedoya, May 2011). The subject is a current research that has been carried out by the department of health in the United Kingdom. This study involved a group of nine women out of nine hundred and forty women patients who had premenstrual syndrome. This study was important to compare the effects of vitamin B-6 to other methods and vitamins of reducing premenstrual syndrome. The study was important as it was aimed at bringing out the real picture of the effectiveness of vitamin B-6. It brought out the negative impacts of vitamin B-6 in the body of women. It shows that high levels of vitamin B-6 in the body are dangerous and can lead to serious health problems. The message of the study was to avoid the usage of the vitamin in the treatment of the premenstrual syndrome. (Patricia O Chocano-Bedoya, May 2011). The subjects to this study were the women in United Kingdom who used vitamin B-6 in the treatment of the premenstrual syndrome. There were several results to this research. The results are an outcome of the many trials conducted. Through trials the reports of unpublished and published reports were searched through the use of medical databases to try B-6 in controlling premenstrual syndrome. The data extracted from each trial was made sure that it met the criteria of inclusion whenever discrepancies through insufficient data for inclusion a was noted the authors were contacted to Shed more light with regard to the data In question. Dosage data

Herrings Theory of Criminal Law

Herrings Theory of Criminal Law English criminal law entails sanction for various behaviors/actions and/or results; and these prohibitions are sprawling throughout numerous statutes and judgements. Generally speaking, the law categorizes criminal liability in two types of crimes; those whose result is prohibited; result crimes and those which carry sanction on a particular conduct, conduct crimes. Additionally, it must be remembered that although a crime may either be result or conduct, it always has two elements to it; the Actus Reus the Mens Rea. In Latin the maxim states actus non facit reum nisi mens sit rea which means that an act is not criminal in the absence of a guilty mind; R v. Miller[1]. The physical actions/inactions, circumstance consequences are covered by the Actus Reus, thus each crime punishable by state sanction will prescribe a prohibited action or omission with its consequences in order to determine the guilt of the accused. On the other hand, Mens Rea refers to the defendants state of mind; and allows the court to assess whether the accused intended or was either reckless or negligent; in committing the crimes that s/he is accused of. Both these elements need to be proved by the prosecution, beyond reasonable doubt, Woolmington v DPP [2], for the accused to be held guilty of the crime. The Law Commission in its reports paid heed to the necessity of a consolidated and coded criminal law regime[3]. They procrastinated that the criminal code will style the law in a more accessible, comprehensible, consistent and certain [4] manner. However, in 2008, the Commission was finally liberated from its ever long pursuit of realizing a consolidated criminal code, in England Wales. The editors of the Criminal Law Review, expressed their profound displeasure, in their editorial named RIP: The Criminal Code (1968-2008)[5] stating that it was a sad end for a noble ideal; but, in reality, this idea of the criminal code was rather unattractive, amid several other jurists. Herring in his book, explores the idea of the criminal code, and finds that surely the code would provide certainty; as it will clearly demark the rules which provide for the determination of a persons guilt[6]. This process, was hoped, to simplify the lengthy and exuberant, common law methodology; where principles of offence are enshrined in case law; rather, sometimes ambiguously and with loose interpretations, tailored by judges as aids to justice, in particular scenarios. Although, Herring never meant that common law interpretations are inaccurately based but rather explores the idea that a codified criminal law will strengthen the principle of legality, in rather constitutional terms; i.e. it will uphold the separation of powers, by limiting the creation of the law to the Parliament, not the judiciary. Secondly, Herring acknowledges that the principal advantage that a written criminal code will serve in its accessibility; as it will serve to the members of the public, a reminder of their rights, liberties and duties. However, in Chambers[7], Toulson LJ, a senior member of the judiciary himself, criticizes the limited access to statute law, as a hindrance to access to justice. Thus, theoretically supporting the idea of a criminal code, all encompassing, and in the process providing instant access to the judiciary awareness to the general public as well. Furthermore, Smith Hogan, rightly points out that the adoption of a criminal code would figuratively deliver transparency on the states position, in relation to criminal behaviors[8]. Paul Robinson[9] in his book, proposes a code which distinguishes rules of conduct, which he proposes are aimed at the public at large and provide clarity and guidance; from those of attribution, which direct instructions to judges and juries, in determining verdict. He views rules of conduct as taking a communicative function, serving as a guidance for the public and thus must be kept as precise and clear as possible. However, his critics, point out that such rules of conduct, firstly disregard situations where crimes are a result of a prohibited action, i.e. result crimes [10] and secondly they exclude any indication of the state of the mind of the accused, i.e. Mens Rea[11]. Consequently, Antony Duff fittingly points out that the criminal code must first reflect the moral wisdom of the public; rather than focus its efforts on linguistic clarity [12]. Herring, further points out that such a code will also provide efficiency to the court system, as the code will provide clarity and accessibility, thus enabling judges to give timely verdicts. Proponents of the code also claim that the process of drafting the new criminal code will itself clear most of the contradictions and ambiguities. Thus, Herring claims that updating the code will rather extinguish old, and unsustainable laws, not practiced in todays society, he gives the example of s.36 Offences Against the Person Act 1861[13]. At the same time Herring, lists the potential pitfall of the code, primarily, he criticizes that there is no guarantee that the criminal code would become a bestseller; indicating doubts in public interest in the code[14]. Furthermore, he notes that the drafter overemphasized the benefits of the code, he points out that cases which require an examination of law morality will remain outside its scope; the notorious conjoined twins case [15]. Correspondingly, De Burca[16] states that the fascination with simplifying the code pays no heed to the fact that a particular criminal offence represents an examination of a plethora of political, ethical, and practical concerns, affecting the way a particular law develops for a particular offence. But, the final nail in the coffin, is stuck by J. Verbruggen[17] and his examination of this concern; where he asserts that a structural transformation of a judge-made norm into a codified norm would be unsuccessful. He states that it is necessary to appreciate that the Law Commission was primarily concerned with structural reforms, rather than any substantive reform; and stated that the drafters were not concerned with law reform, but rather employing codification to make the law simpler (11).ÂÂ   He draws distinction within a legal norm as having two dimensions; firstly, its organic identity, i.e. its form under which it exists. And a second dimension, he mentions, is the normative space under which a norm exists; this could range from wide-ranging legal norms to precise policy contemplations. He says that it is the combination of both these elements which makeup the structure of a norm and emphasized that the drafters aimed at altering the organic identity of judge-made norms ; i.e. the structure in which case law exists; while guarding its normative space, i.e. the common law doctrines. He claims that any effort to modify the organic identity of judge-made norms and still maintain its normative space; would be structurally impracticable. He suggests that an examination of judge made norms reveals normative considerations without any specific appointment of priority. He purports that when such norms are to be transplanted into a code, certain normative considerations will be given priority over the other; which, otherwise, would eventually lead to editorial choices amongst the drafters. He concludes that the drafters failed to realize that judge made norms are organically different to codified norms, as the latter are more restrictive in nature, than the former; and that codified norms do not in their entirety, represent the exact scope of normative considerations that exist in judge-made law. The Criminal Code as envisaged by the Law Commission was a gallant idea and a through effort, but sadly it came to a halt, amid juristical considerations. Admittedly, it must be concluded that because codification is not fundamentally capable of respecting the normative space of a judge-made norm, it creates doubts. Although, it seems fair to state that the Code does provide for accessibility, as rightly reported by Herring; but, these doubts which exist to the core of the matter of codification; effectively defeats the crucial criteria set forth by the Law Commission of consistency and certainty. [1] R v. Miller [1983] 2 AC 161, 174 (HL) [2] Woolmington v DPP [1935] AC 462 [3] Law Commission, Criminal Law Codification of Criminal Law A Report to the Commission (Law Com No 143, 1985) Law Commission, Criminal Law A Criminal Code for England and Wales (Law Com No 177, 1989). [4] Law Commission, Criminal Law A Criminal Code for England and Wales (Law Com No 177, 1989) [Para. 1.15]. [5] RIP: The Criminal Code (1968-2008) Editor of the Criminal Law Review (2009). [6] Criminal Law: Text, Cases, and Materials By Jonathan Herring, 6th Edition; [Chapter1, Para 5] [7] Chambers [2008] EWCA Crim 2467 [8] Smith and Hogans Criminal Law, p.g. 33; 14th edition. (2015) [9] P. Robinson (1997) [10] Husak (1999a) [11] Duff (2002: 69) [12] Duff (2002) [13] s.36 Offences Against the Person Act 1861- assaulting a clergyman in the discharge of his duties in a place of worship or burial place [14] Clarkson (1994). [15] Re A (Conjoined Twins: Medical Treatment) [2000] 4 All ER 961 (CA). [16] de BÃ ºrca and Gardner (1990). [17] THE CODIFICATION OF JUDGE-MADE NORMS IN THE CRIMINAL LAW: A RESPONSE TO THE LAW COMMISSION REPORTS by JACK VERBRUGGEN NORTH EAST LAW REVIEW pg.83

Junk Food: Can What We Eat Change How We Behave? Essays -- Health Nut

Junk Food: Can What We Eat Change How We Behave? Ice cream, chocolate, McDonald’s hamburgers, potato chips, and hot dogs, all symbolize a taboo in our society. Honey, wheat germ, fruit juices, and sprouts, take on a certain manna in our society. For years, our society has been involved with a health food movement. We are carrying this movement with us to every new day, every new year, and now into a new century. As we go into the new century, "our emphasis, is on "wellness" and prevention rather than on illness and curing" (Dubisch, 1999, p.325). Nutrition plays a big role in our plan for preventing illness, and just not physical illness but psychological illness as well. As a mother, I know that nutrition plays a big role in my children’s lives. Did you ever look at a child who has just eaten two chocolate bars, a bag of chips, and drank a big glass of soda, to wash it all down with? They are terrible! If my children eat a well balanced diet throughout the day, they are mostly calm and rational children. They are eas y to talk to, and they listen to almost everything I say. On the other hand, give them a little extra sugar and they run around the house yelling and screaming, throwing things, fighting amongst themselves and in general are very anxious and agitated. It is because of this type of behavior that it is important to explore the possibility that junk food does have an adverse effect on our behavior. Bad eating habits not only affect our bodies physiologically but also can trigger psychological problems. One of the ways this has been evidenced is in an article entitled sugar neurosis. In this article it states "Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) is a medical reality that can trigger wife beating, divorce, even suicide... ... no hard facts yet. Hopefully more research on this issue will be carried into the new century with us as well. References Burch, M.R. (1992). Behavioral treatment of drug exposed infants: analyzing and treating aggression. Child Today, 21(1), pp. 1-5. Dubisch, J. (1999). You are what you eat. In D.J. Hickey (Ed.), Figures of thought for college writers (pp.323-336). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield. Salzer, M.S. and Berenbaum, H. (1994). Somatic sensations, anxiety, and control in panic disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25(1), pp. 75-80. Schoenthaler, S.J. (1983). The Alabama diet-behavior program: An empirical evaluation at the Coosa Valley Regional Detention Center. International Journal of Biosocial Research, 5(2), pp79-87. Whaley and Wong, D.L.(1999). Nursing care of infants and children. St, Louis: Mosby, p.871.

“A person doesn’t gain knowledge by possessing an insatiable thirst for it, But by searching for the means to quench it” Essay

Statement of purpose My journey to attain the ultimate goal of my life also goes something like what Frost says. It is a continuous struggle to reach the shores of success and achievement. It is to attain fulfillment in the field I love the most, â€Å"Medicine-Social work†. Before I elaborate on that, let me introduce myself as a student of Undergraduate Program in Dentistry from N.T.R. University of Health Sciences, one of the premier institutes in India. Passions to achieve expertise in Public Health and to be a part of the social work are the objectives to my Graduate Study. It would help hone my skills, earn proficiency and seek professional exposure. Though comprehensive in curriculum, the undergraduate course offers limited scope for specialization. A graduate course would pave way to earning hands-on experience and acquire specialization. MY SCHOOLING: I was exposed to the field of medicine & social work at a very early age in school and became fascinated. I obtained a solid grounding in Biological sciences during my early school years and during preparation for Medical entrance examinations in India. My schooling and further study have really shaped my thought process and attitude towards education. I did my schooling in The K P R &J L Siddartha High School, an institute known for high quality of education. From my childhood I had a strong proclivity towards Biological sciences. With this shot in the arm, I went on to do my pre-university education at Sri Vivekananda Junior College. Here I was exposed to eminent faculty, who helped bring me to the academic level I am. I have appeared for the EAMCET, a standardized test conducted for admission into the undergraduate courses, where I came out with flying colors by standing among the top 5% of the 90,000 students who had appeared for the test. MY INTEREST IN THE SUBJECT My interest in this subject dates back to my college days. During college days. I was wondered how the country provide all facilities to its population with resources being inversely proportional. This gave me a thought that every citizen of a country should be involved in some sort of social work by atleast providing the minimal facilities for a particular community in which he is living-in. Further, research in this field would definitely create wonders & would definitely contribute for the country’s Economic status. It has been rightly said that with proper nourishing, one transforms a fascination into an excellent productive faculty. I firmly believe that a part of this transformation has already been affected in me. The years as a student of Undergraduate programs in the field of Medicine at Dr B.R.K.R. Government Ayurvedic Medical College, Hyderabad which is affiliated to N.T.R. University of Health Sciences, one of the premier Universities of India has proven to be the most enriching period of my life. During the course of my Undergraduate studies, I have familiarized myself with the subject Social & Preventive Medicine, and I am very interested in gaining a deeper insight into this subject which form the very backbone of Public Health. Higher Education in United States of America would not only stand as a manifestation for my burning desire of academic achievement with professional competence, but also provide with the unique chance to test my ability to cope with the transition to a new setting, acquire new skills and improve my communicative competence. Higher Education in United States of  America will also enable me to experience a real and individual benefit of an International prospective in my course of studies. PURPOSE OF GRADUATE STUDY: During the undergraduate study, I decided to further my acquired interest in Public Health major. My propensity for research and insatiable thirst for knowledge and my ambition to contribute substantially to the field of Public Health have installed in me a longing to take up graduation. An undergraduate course, though comprehensive in its curriculum, provides limited scope for specialization. Much of the integration of advanced technologies in any demanding field takes place in a graduate program. Only then can one fathom the depths of this demanding field. Then came the decision of selection of universities, I chose American universities which are known for their world-class research facilities. I feel that graduate study at an American university is the best type of further education at this juncture because of the flexibility incorporated in its learning system, its infrastructure, the intense interaction with the industry and exposure to the latest technology. WHY PIP I CHOOSE YOUR UNIVERSITY I wish to earn a Masters degree in Public Health. I have spoken to my professors, seniors and friends about my choice of University, and have applied to —————————————— University because it is reputable for its research facilities. The department website revealed a very strong faculty involved in extensive research in the area of Public Health. This strengthened my resort to study at ———Adelphi———————University . It was during my House-surgeon ship, I realized that study, apart from dedication and the hard work requires an inspiring environment, competitive atmosphere and motivated faculty. In order to reach the educational plateaus I desire I need a good university like this. Having gone through the web pages and brochures, I am sure that this university will offer me the intellectual stimulating environment needed to help me excel in my chosen area of study. I hope that my struggle, perseverance and triumph through my undergraduate studies qualify me as an excellent candidate for graduate study. Based on the information amassed by me, I am confident that this university will be ideal for me to attain my full academic potential. FURTHER PROSPECTS In the recent years, the problem every country facing is the increase in its Population growth. To cope up with this increase, the resources should also be increased. But the increase in the population growth and the increase in the country’s resources are inversely proportional. By this, people of a country are not utilizing the resources properly provided for them. In order to eliminate this problem, a Public Health practitioner should asses the needs of a community in providing proper facilities in the fields such as Medicine, Literacy etc and thereby making its population to think over it. This is the field with a full scope for Research.. So I believe that my master’s degree in a reputed institution will enhance my job prospect in this field. I am fully aware that your institution requires that I summon all my resources and I aver that I have the necessary commitment, intelligence and stamina to look forward to it. I am convinced that my study at your institution w ould be a meaningful and rewarding experience. I look forward to have a rewarding association with your esteemed institution. I would like to take with me, in addition to knowledge in the relevant field, a network of strong and lasting relationships with my teachers and fellow students. 1 hope that my background and qualifications are found suitable for an MS degree in Public Health at ——————————————University. (RAVI KUMAR SIVVA)

Emirates Airline

The Emirates Group is composed of airport services provider DNATA (the Dubai National Air Transport Association) and Emirates Airlines. Owned by the government of Dubai and based at the busiest airport in the Middle East, Emirates has flourished under the sheikdom's ‘wide open skies' policy, in spite of the restrictions placed on it by other countries. The airline, renowned for its luxurious in-flight service, was unique among long-haul airlines in that it had not joined a global alliance such as the Star Alliance or oneworld by the beginning of the new millennium. The Maktoum family led the tribe throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.Dubai became one of seven sheikdoms in the United Arab Emirates, which was formed in 1970. Gulf Air began to cut back its service to Dubai in the mid-1980s. As a result, Emirates Airlines was conceived in March 1985 with backing from Dubai's royal family, whose Dubai Air Wing provided two of the airline's first aircraft, used Boeing 727s. (An Air bus A300 and Boeing 737 were two others. ) Because of Dubai's unique political structure, wrote Douglas Nelms in Air Transport World, Emirates could be described as both government-owned and privately held, though most considered it state-owned.Maurice Flanagan was named managing director of the new airline. Formerly of the Royal Air Force, British Airways, and Gulf Air, Flanagan had been seconded to DNATA in 1978 on a two-year assignment as assistant general sales manager. Chairman was Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum, nephew of the ruler of Dubai. Only 27 years old in 1985, he had graduated from the University of Colorado just four years earlier (his degree was in political science and economics). Sheik Ahmed also became chairman of Dubai Civil Aviation and DNATA itself.Although he lacked any direct experience in the airline industry, Sheikh Ahmed embraced his new role, learning to fly a variety of aircraft along the way. As Lisa Coleman duly noted in Chief Executive, he was inde ed experienced in one area that would be the new airline's defining trait: luxury. The first flight, Dubai-Karachi on October 25, 1985, was a Pakistani connection in more ways than one. The airline leased the aircraft, an Airbus 300, from Pakistan International Airlines. Bombay and Delhi were the other two earliest destinations.From the beginning, Emirates flights carried both passengers and cargo. Emirates was profitable within nine months. During its first year, it carried 260,000 passengers and 10,000 tons of freight. The next year, Gulf Air posted a loss. In its second year, Emirates also posted a loss, before setting out on decades of profitable growth. One reason for the success of Emirates was its aggressive marketing. Another was the high level of in-flight service in its new Airbus aircraft, which it outfitted with generously spaced seating.Our Vision ; Values The principles which propel us forward A strong and stable leadership team, ambitious yet calculated decision-makin g and ground-breaking ideas all contribute to the creation of great companies. Of course, these have played a major part in our development, but we believe our business ethics are the foundation on which our success has been built. Caring for our employees and stakeholders, as well as the environment and the communities we serve, have played a huge part in our past and will continue to signify our future.Our culture of respect At the Emirates Group, we place great value on corporate citizenship and social responsibility and believe our business ethics are integral to our continued success. Each member of staff’s commitment towards ongoing improvement combines to maintain the competitive edge of our operation in global markets. We firmly believe our employees are our greatest asset and their contribution to the staggering pace at which we have developed can not be underestimated.Without them it would not have been possible and we acknowledge this with a range of excellent bene fits, including a generous profit share scheme, and programmes designed to help them fulfill their career goals. These principles enable us to attract employees of the highest calibre and have helped us become the largest employer in the UAE. We now have a team of more 40,000 loyal workers, many living far away from their own families, and we are committed to caring for them within ours.This dedication to the welfare of our employees does not distract from the fundamental economic role of our business – to reward stakeholders. While rivals have faltered under the strain of fluctuating fuel prices and the intense level of competition synonymous with our industry, we have posted profits in all but one year of our history. While we are focused on maximising profit margins, as a leader in aviation innovation, we are devoted to growing our business while using fewer resources and creating less waste and pollution.The billions of dollars we have invested in purchasing the most adva nced aircraft in production mean we operate one of the youngest and most eco-efficient fleets in the world. Our commitment to the environment extends to our interests on the ground. We take great pride in our involvement with the Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve, which is dedicated to preserving the natural and cultural heritage of area. The National Park, the largest protected area in the UAE and home to more than 30 species indigenous to the Arabian Peninsula, is considered the regional benchmark for sustainable development and conservation.Our green projects do not stop at home and plans are already well under way to create two of the world’s most eco-friendly conservation-based destinations – Wolgan Valley Resort ; Spa in Australia and Cap Ternay Resort ; Spa in the Seychelles. Company Overview The Emirates Group has spread its wings into every aspect of travel and tourism to become a leading global corporation in its field. With one of the youngest fleets in the sky and more than 400 awards for excellence worldwide, Emirates airline is one of two key divisions in the group.The other is Dnata, which provides ground handling services at numerous airports around the world, including Dubai International. It is also one of the largest providers of travel services in the Middle East and has been a household name in Dubai for more than 50 years. Propelled forward by their united strength, the two have evolved at a phenomenal rate to establish the Emirates Group as an immense organisation, spanning a portfolio of more than 50 brands and employing over 50,000 people. Growing from strength to strengthEmirates Group is always looking to expand its portfolio with strategic ventures that will enhance its commercial proposition, revenues and reputation. Among its many projects in development is a luxurious conservation resort in the Seychelles which will raise the benchmark in eco-tourism, as well as highlight Emirates’ commitment to protecting th e environment for future generations. Cap Ternay Resort ; Spa Set on a spectacular tropical island in the Seychelles, the resort will give guests a traditional beach holiday combined with a taste of the lush forests, towering granite mountains and wildlife unique to this Indian Ocean sanctuary.The senior management team To build a travel and tourism empire at such staggering speed would not have been possible but for the collective talents of a group of men who have each proven to be leaders in their field of expertise. Almost all of the executives at the helm of the Emirates Group have been with the organisation since its birth and it is their pioneering vision – combined with meticulous planning and brave yet calculated decision making – which has given flight to the fastest growing airline in the world and the Middle East's largest provider of airport and travel services.SWOT Analysis This part of the assignment will analyse the strategic position of Emirates Airlin e through the use of SWOT analysis. Based on the given case, the strategic position of the Emirates Airline specifically their airline and aviation position has been challenged because of the changing situations of the airline market. Rival industries of the company has been able to announced the establishment of their business approach in the global market which offers diversified airline industries to cater to the needs of the passengers, cargo and shipment services.The announcement of this company affects the strategic position of the entire Emirates Airline. In order to make sure that the company will not be left behind, Emirates Airline has been able to involve themselves into the expansion to technological developments. Strengths. As a competitive and globally recognised airline industry, Emirates Airline has been able to have strategic position in the global market. In fact, when Emirates Airline streamlined their business, it already had the advantage of size. The Emirates G roup – SWOT AnalysisDescription: The The Emirates Group – SWOT Analysis company profile is the essential source for top-level company data and information. The Emirates Group – SWOT Analysis examines the company’s key business structure and operations, history and products, and provides summary analysis of its key revenue lines and strategy. The Emirates Group is a conglomerate which operates through Emirates Airline, an international airline, and Dnata, a travel organization operating in the Middle East. The group is wholly owned by the United Arab Emirates (UAE) government. It provides scheduled passenger and cargo services to more than 100 destinations.The company has operations across Middle East, Europe and Americas, Far East and Australia, West Asia and Indian Ocean, and Africa. It is headquartered in Dubai, the United Arab Emirates and employs 28,037 people. The group recorded revenues of AED42,674. 3 million ($11,621. 5 million) during the financi al year ended March 2009 (FY2009), an increase of 17. 1% over FY2008. The operating profit of the group was AED2,573. 3 million ($700. 8 million) in FY2009, a decrease of 42. 2% compared to FY2008. Its net profit was AED981. 7 million ($267. 3 million) in FY2009, a decrease of 80. 4% compared to FY2008.Scope of the Report – Provides all the crucial information on The Emirates Group required for business and competitor intelligence needs – Contains a study of the major internal and external factors affecting The Emirates Group in the form of a SWOT analysis as well as a breakdown and examination of leading product revenue streams of The Emirates Group -Data is supplemented with details on The Emirates Group history, key executives, business description, locations and subsidiaries as well as a list of products and services and the latest available statement from The Emirates Group Reasons to Purchase Support sales†¦

Variable Cost and Net Operating Income Essay Example

Variable Cost and Net Operating Income Essay Example Variable Cost and Net Operating Income Paper Variable Cost and Net Operating Income Paper TCO B Questions 1. (TCO C) The following overhead data are for a department of a large company. Actual costs Static Incurred budget Activity level (in units) 800 750 Variable costs: Indirect materials $6,850 $6,600 Electricity $1,312 $1,275 Fixed costs: Administration $3,570 $3,700 Rent $3,320 $3,200 Required: Construct a flexible budget performance report that would be useful in assessing how well costs were controlled in this department. (Points : 30) 2. (TCO D) Mr. Earl Pearl, Accountant for Margie Knall, Inc. has prepared the following product-line income data: PRODUCT Total A B C Sales $ 100,000.. $50,000 $20,000.. $30,000 Variable Expenses 60,000. 30,000 10,000. 20,000 Contribution Margin.. .40,000. 20,000 10,000. 10,000 Fixed Expenses: Rent. .5,000.. 2,500.. 1,000 1,500 Depreciation. 6,000.. 3,000.. 1,200. 1,800 Utilities 4,000.. 2,000.. 00. 1,500 Supervisors salaries.. 5,000. 1,500.. 500. 3,000 Maintenance 3,000.. 1,500 600 900 Administrative Expenses. 10,000.. 3,000.. 2,000.. 5,000 Total Fixed Expenses 33,000. 13,500 5,800. 13,700 Net Operating Income $7,000. $6,500. $4,200 $3,700) The following additional information is available: The factory rent of $1,500 assigned to product C is avoidable if the product were dropped. The companys total depreciation would not be affected by dropping C. Eliminating product C will reduce the monthly utility bill from $1,500 to $800. All supervisors salaries are avoidable. If product C is discontinued, the maintenance department will be able to reduce monthly expenses from $3,000 to $2,000. Elimination of product C will make it possible to cut two persons from the administrative staff. Currently, their combined salaries total $2,000. Required: Prepare an analysis showing whether product C should be eliminated. Articulate your findings. (Points : 30) 3. (TCO E) Hanks Company produces a single product. Operating data for the company and its absorption costing income statement for the last year is presented below: Units in beginning inventory.. 0 Units produced.. 9,000 Units sold ,000 Sales $80,000 Less cost of goods sold: Beginning inventory. 0 Add cost of goods manufactured 54,000 Goods available for sale. 54,000 Less ending inventory 6,000 Cost of goods sold.. 48,000 Gross margin. 32,000 Less selling admin. expenses.. 28,000 Net operating income.. 4,000 Variable manufacturing costs are $4 per unit. Fixed factory overhead totals $18,000 for the year. This overhead was applied at a rate of $2 per unit. Variable selling and administrative expenses were $1 per unit sold. Required: Prepare a new income statement for the year using variable costing. Comment on the diffe rences between the absorption costing and the variable costing income statements. (Points : 30) 4. (TCO A) The following data (in thousands of dollars) have been taken from the accounting records of Karmana Corporation for the just completed year. Sales $950 Raw materials inventory, beginning $10 Raw materials inventory, ending . $30 Purchases of raw materials . $120 Direct labor $200 Manufacturing overhead .. $230 Administrative expenses .. $100 Selling expenses .. 140 Work in process inventory, beginning $70 Work in process inventory, ending . $40 Finished goods inventory, beginning $100 Finished goods inventory, ending $80 Use these data to prepare (in thousands of dollars) a schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured and a Schedule of Cost of Goods Sold for the year. In addition, elaborate on the relationship between these schedules as they relate to the flow of product costs in a manufacturing company.

Business Organization Basics

Business Organization Basics Introduction The retail industry has been one of the globally competitive industries among other industries. Despite that the retail industry is primarily associated with the small of goods in small quantities to the final consumers, large companies and business entities have taken up the race into the industry. This phenomenon has been highly witnessed in developed and developing economies like the US, China, Brazil and UK, whereby the retail industry is overwhelmed by large companies.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Business Organization Basics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This phenomenon is associated with the lucrative nature of the industry as compared to other business ventures. The retail health care management has been the most distinctive in the global market whereby it offers diverse opportunities. A point worth of consideration is that the levels of competition in the industry have magnified o ver the last couple of decades. This has forced the operating businesses to adopt the most competitive strategies. For instance, global marketing strategy has been one of the mostly adopted strategies in the retail business. The case of CVS Caremark has been of great importance as far as the health care retail industry is concerned. In this case, CVS Caremark has been a leading player in the retail health care management industry is concerned, whereby it has demonstrated commendable competency. The marketing strategy of the company has also been efficient thus enhancing its competitiveness in global markets. The operations of CVS Caremark in the retail industry are very explicit. In this case, CVS Caremark operates a chain of retail pharmaceutical shops in varied formats in different markets including the US. The products and services dealt with by this company are vividly retail in nature in the sense that the company focuses on the final consumers (GICS, 2011). Basically the compa ny deals with pharmaceutical products which are aimed at boosting the health of the community. This is a clear demonstration that CVS Caremark is operating in the retail industry. The success of the company has been clearly demonstrated by its rapid growth and expansion in the US markets (CVS CAREMARK, 2011). The success and competitiveness of CVS Caremark is closely influenced by its strong mission and vision statements. The company’s mission statement is a vital tool in driving the operational and marketing forces within the company. The brands as well as the industry in which the company operates are adequately incorporated into the mission statement. This has played a vital role in enhancing the competitiveness of the company. CVS Caremark has a very admirable mission statement which reads as; â€Å"We provide expert care and innovative solutions in pharmacy and health care that are effective and easy for our customers.† This is the mission statement as well as slo gan of the company which has been adequately adopted in enhancing the marketing operations of the company.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The mission statement is primarily aimed at boosting its brands by demonstrating compassion and commitment of the company to its people. This is a very strong mission statement which has not only helped in selling the company’s products but has also helped in positioning it (CVS CAREMARK, 2010). The choice of this company is based on its strong culture, core values and competence in the market. The company has been named the market leader in the health care management. This is based on its extemporary performance as well as admirable organizational culture and marketing efficiency. The company’s strong sense of compassion to the people’s needs is distinct in its positioning in the industry. In this case, the company is aimed at ensuring that the health of the people is guaranteed. Being the largest pharmacy health care provider in the US, CVS Caremark is very distinctive and positioned in the market (CVS CAREMARK, 2010). Conclusion In summation, the discussion and analysis of the CVS Caremark Company has demonstrated a high sense of competence. The company is ranked the market leader in the retail health care management industry. This is closely attributed to the company’s strong culture as well as mission and vision. The marketing strategies adopted by the company are also admirable thus making it competitive and a key market leader. References CVS CAREMARK (2010). Our Vision, Mission and Values. Web. CVS CAREMARK (2011). CVS Caremark Company. Web. GICS (2011). Global Industry Classifications Standards. Retrieved from: https://www.msci.com/gicsAdvertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Business Organization Basics specifically for you for onl y $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Hamlet Quotes Explained

Hamlet Quotes Explained Hamlet is one of the most quoted (and most parodied) plays by William Shakespeare. The play is well-known for its powerful quotations about corruption, misogyny, and death. Yet, despite the grim subject matter, Hamlet is also famous for the dark humor, clever witticisms, and catchy phrases we still repeat today. Quotes About Corruption Something is rotten in the state of Denmark.(Act I, Scene 4) Spoken by Marcellus, a palace soldier, this familiar Shakespeare line is often quoted on cable TV news. The expression implies a suspicion that someone in power is corrupt. The scent of decay is a metaphor for a breakdown in morality and social order. Marcellus exclaims that something is rotten when a ghost appears outside the castle. Marcellus warns Hamlet not to follow the ominous apparition, but Hamlet insists. He soon learns that the ghost is the spirit of his dead father and that evil has overtaken the throne. Marcellus statement is important because it foreshadows the tragic events that follow. Although not significant to the story, its also interesting to note that for Elizabethan audiences, Marcellus line is a crude pun: rotten references the smell of flatulence. Symbols of rot and decay waft through Shakespeares play. The ghost describes a [m]urder most foul and a strange, and unnatural marriage. Hamlets power-hungry uncle, Claudius, has murdered Hamlets father, the king of Denmark and (in a deed considered incestuous) has married Hamlets mother, Queen Gertrude. The rottenness goes beyond murder and incest. Claudius has broken the royal bloodline, disrupted the monarchy, and shattered the divine rule of law. Because the new head of state is rotten as a dead fish, all of Denmark decays. In a confused thirst for revenge and an inability to take action, Hamlet appears to go mad. His love-interest, Ophelia, suffers a complete mental breakdown and commits suicide. Gertrude is killed by Claudius and Claudius is stabbed and poisoned by Hamlet. The notion that sin has an odor is echoed in Act III, Scene 3, when Claudius exclaims, O! my offence is rank, it smells to heaven. By the end of the play, all of the lead characters have died from the rot that Marcellus perceived in Act I.   Quotes About Misogyny Heaven and earth,Must I remember? Why, she would hang on himAs if increase of appetite had grownBy what it fed on, and yet, within a month - Let me not think ont - Frailty, thy name is woman! - (Act I, Scene 2) Theres no doubt that Prince Hamlet is sexist, possessing the Elizabethan attitudes toward women found in many of Shakespeares plays. However, this quote suggests that he is also a misogynist (someone who hates women). In this soliloquy, Hamlet expresses disgust over the behavior of his widowed mother, Queen Gertrude. Gertrude once doted on Hamlets father, the king, but after the kings death, she hastily married his brother, Claudius. Hamlet rails against his mothers sexual appetite and her apparent inability to remain loyal to his father. Hes so upset that he breaks the formal metrical pattern of blank verse. Rambling beyond the traditional 10-syllable line-length, Hamlet cries, Frailty, thy name is woman! Frailty, they name is woman! is also an apostrophe. Hamlet addresses frailty as though speaking to a human being. Today, this Shakespeare quote is often adapted for humorous effect. For example, in a 1964 episode of Bewitched, Samantha tells her husband, Vanity, they name is human. In the animated TV show The Simpsons, Bart exclaims, Comedy, thy name is Krusty.   Theres nothing lighthearted about Hamlets accusation, however. Consumed with rage, he seems to wallow in deep-seated hatred. Hes not simply angry at his mother. Hamlet lashes out at the entire female sex, proclaiming all women weak and fickle. Later in the play, Hamlet turns his fury on Ophelia. Get thee to a nunnery: why wouldst thou be abreeder of sinners? I am myself indifferent honest;but yet I could accuse me of such things that itwere better my mother had not borne me: I am veryproud, revengeful, ambitious, with more offenses atmy beck than I have thoughts to put them in,imagination to give them shape, or time to act themin. What should such fellows as I do crawlingbetween earth and heaven? We are arrant knaves,all; believe none of us. Go thy ways to a nunnery.(Act III, Scene 1) Hamlet seems to totter on the brink of insanity in this tirade. He once claimed that he loved Ophelia, but now he rejects her for reasons that arent clear. He also describes himself as an awful person: proud, revengeful, ambitious. In essence, Hamlet is saying, Its not you, its me. He tells Ophelia to go to a nunnery (a convent of nuns) where she will remain chaste and never give birth to arrant knaves (complete villains) like himself. Perhaps Hamlet wants to shelter Ophelia from the corruption that has infested the kingdom and from the violence thats sure to come. Perhaps he wants to distance himself from her so that he can focus on avenging his fathers death. Or perhaps Hamlet is so poisoned with anger that hes no longer capable of feeling love. In Elizabethan English, nunnery is also slang for brothel. In this sense of the word, Hamlet condemns Ophelia as a wanton, duplicitous female like his mother. Regardless of his motives, Hamlets rebuke contributes to Ophelias mental breakdown and eventual suicide. Many feminist scholars argue that Ophelias fate illustrates the tragic consequences of a patriarchal society. Quotes About Death To be, or not to be: that is the question:Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortuneOr to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them? - To die, - to sleep, - No more; and by a sleep to say we endThe heartache, and the thousand natural shocksThat flesh is heir to, - ’tis a consummationDevoutly to be wish’d. To die, to sleep;To sleep, perchance to dream - ay,  theres the rub:For in that sleep of death what dreams may come...(Act III, Scene 1) These morose lines from Hamlet introduce one of the most memorable soliloquies in the English language. Prince Hamlet is preoccupied with themes of mortality and human frailty. When he ponders [t]o be, or not to be, hes weighing life (to be) versus death (not to be). The parallel structure presents an antithesis, or a contrast, between two opposing ideas. Hamlet theorizes that its noble to live and fight against troubles. But, he argues, its also desirable (a consummation devoutly to be wishd) to flee misfortune and heartache. He uses the phrase to sleep as a metonymy to characterize the slumber of death. Hamlets speech seems to explore the pros and cons of suicide. When he says theres the rub, he means theres the drawback. Perhaps death will bring hellish nightmares. Later in the long soliloquy, Hamlet observes that fear of consequences and the unknown- the undiscovered country- makes us bear our sorrows rather than seek escape. Thus, he concludes, conscience does make cowards of us all. In this context, the word conscience means conscious thought. Hamlet isnt really talking about suicide, but about his inability to take action against the sea of troubles in his kingdom. Confused, indecisive, and hopelessly philosophical, he ponders whether he should kill his murderous uncle Claudius. Widely quoted and often misinterpreted, Hamlets [t]o be, or not to be soliloquy has inspired writers for centuries. Hollywood film director Mel Brooks referenced the famous lines in his World War II comedy, To Be or Not to Be. In a 1998 film, What Dreams May Come, actor Robin Williams meanders through the afterlife and tries to unravel tragic events. Countless other Hamlet references have made their way into books, stories, poems, TV shows, video games, and even comic strips like Calvin and Hobbes.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dark Humor Quotes Laughter in the midst of death isnt a modern idea. Even in his darkest tragedies, Shakespeare incorporated cutting wit. Throughout Hamlet, the tedious busy-body Polonius spouts aphorisms, or snippets of wisdom, that come off as silly and trite: Neither a borrower nor a lender be;For loan oft loses both itself and friend,And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry.This above all: to thine own self be true,And it must follow, as the night the day,(Act I, Scene 3) Buffoons like Polonius provide dramatic foils for the brooding Hamlet, illuminating Hamlets character and highlighting his anguish. While Hamlet philosophizes and mulls, Polonius makes trite pronouncements. When Hamlet accidentally kills him in Act III, Polonius states the obvious: O, I am slain! Similarly, two clownish gravediggers provide comic relief during a painfully ironic churchyard scene. Laughing and shouting crude jokes, they toss rotting skulls into the air. One of the skulls belongs to Yorick, a beloved court jester who died long ago. Hamlet takes the skull and, in one of his most famous monologues, contemplates the transience of life. Alas, poor Yorick! I knew him, Horatio: a fellowof infinite jest, of most excellent fancy: he hathborne me on his back a thousand times; and now, howabhorred in my imagination it is! my gorge rims atit. Here hung those lips that I have kissed I knownot how oft. Where be your gibes now? yourgambols? your songs? your flashes of merriment,that were wont to set the table on a roar?(Act V, Scene 1) The grotesque and absurd image of Hamlet addressing a human skull has become an enduring meme, posted on Facebook and parodied in cartoons, TV shows, and films. For example, in the Star Wars episode, The Empire Strikes Back, Chewbacca imitates Hamlet when he lifts the head of a droid. While prompting laughter, Yoricks skull is also a gruesome reminder of the underlying themes of death, decay, and insanity in Shakespeares play. The image is so compelling that a dying pianist once bequeathed his own head to the Royal Shakespeare Company. The skull was removed, cleaned and, in 1988, put to service. The actors used the skull in 22 performances of Hamlet before deciding that the prop was too real- and too disturbing. Sources Hamlet. Folger Shakespeare Library, www.folger.edu/hamlet. Hamlet in Pop Culture. Hartford Stage, www.hartfordstage.org/stagenotes/hamlet/pop-culture.Heymont, George. â€Å"Somethings Rotten in the State of Denmark.† The Huffington Post, TheHuffingtonPost.com, 12 June 2016, www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/somethings-rotten-in-the-state-of-denmark_us_575d8673e4b053e219791bb6.Ophelia and Madness. Folger Shakespeare Library. 26 May 2010, www.youtube.com/watch?vMhJWwoWCD4wfeatureyoutu.be.Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark: Open Source Shakespeare, Eric M. Johnson, www.opensourceshakespeare.org/views/plays/playmenu.php?WorkIDhamlet.  Women In Hamlet. elsinore.ucsc.edu/women/WomenOandH.html.

Philosophy - Peter van Inwagen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Philosophy - Peter van Inwagen - Essay Example Without this attraction, the world would spiral to a halt, and the seemingly expansive choice in orientation would ridicule not just the concept of marriage but the process of evolution as well. Even if morals were expelled momentarily while this belief was expounded, it would simply transpire that the belief itself is self-explanatory, the consequence of straight attractions would always augment in favor of humanity. Maria on the other hand is of the impression that choosing a sexual partner is not a matter of naturalism as dictated by society but what occurs naturally within one’s own mind. The choice of orientations being given to an individual of sound mind and conscious decision-making prowess allows one to hold the self as the profound dictator of one’s own desires. It negates societal stigma and in itself forms the belief that the preference of orientation should be the choice of the individual and not the choice of the State. Maria’s belief is in itself t he reason of her belief. 2) I reject the notion that even though equally strong positives and negatives of pertaining to a strict orientation dictated by society exist in the real world, I should not believe in the fact that one orientation should be deemed natural and the others unnatural. It is true that the minority of cases of same sex marriage that surfaced in California right after the law was passed do pertain to a suppressed sociological regime that exists within the murky shadows of society, it does not acknowledge the fact that personal inclinations are not exactly the best form of judgments for the entire society. Consider the use of drugs, for example. While it is evident that the proliferation of drugs is a crime worthy of... The researcher of this essay expresses his belief on sexual orientation and states that sexual orientations should not be debatable and an indelible structure should be adhered to that surpasses all individual desires in favor of what is natural and readily admissible by a given society, in lieu of personal inclinations that give rise to stigmas and increased controversies. This belief was held based on evidential consequences of unnatural mating. Indeed, being straight is a recognized normality in the world of today and could be deemed a consequence of determinism. However, with the increasing span of global human rights surpassing sovereign state laws and personal inclinations of societies, and in the same way the citizens of the United Kingdom may adhere to the European Court of Human Rights to address domestic issues, a citizen of Massachusetts may be able to contract and perform a marriage with his lover of the same sex. However, seeing as how unnatural and seemingly undesirable the concept of same sex marriage appears to the researcher, he can adduce to my belief the fact that the majority of Americans are still in opposition to the legalization of gay marriage. Both beliefs can be deemed as right even though both carry their own insight and consequently their own conclusion which is why they co-exist concurrently, giving ample credit to the notion that both sides are equally weighty. However, it is true that science may allow human cultivation to reach new proportions of control over the upcoming population.

Operation and Technology Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Operation and Technology Management - Essay Example The M&S products are not according to the changing trends in fashion industry. Main reason behind this is that the supply chain of M&S is weak as compare to the industry. Though it has a well defined supply chain process but it involved too many steps. The value chain steps of M&S are almost double of their major competitor i.e. Zara. Zara has become very dominant in fashion industry due to its frequent and rapid launching of new stylish apparels (Ghemawat and Nueno, 2006). M&S have approximately 12 months lead time for each seasonal collection which is considered as very long time span as the fashion industry has become very fast in launching new apparels. M&S outsources some of key activities of their value chain to the regions where raw materials and labours are cheap. This shows that company does not manufacture the complete products all in one place and it takes long time for them to manufacture apparels. Furthermore, the quality control process of M&S is very thorough and they also spend much time on this process. The fashion industry is evolving at rapid rate and the clothes and products become obsolete within no time because of the changing needs of the customers. Therefore, the company needs to introduce stylish products frequently and rapidly in order to participate in fashion game. For that purpose, they need to make supply chain efficient. Another factor, which hinders the participation of M&S in the ‘fashion’ game is launching of season apparel only. They produce few products a year which are in Spring/summer and Winter/Autumn. Their competitors such as Zara and H&M have moved away from this technique and offer many new clothes in different styles all over the year according to the customer taste (Arrigo, 2010). The companies operating in the fashion industry are based on three main elements or factors i.e. designers, market specialists and customers. M&S have separate work place for each factor and is not able to

Educating High School Students About The Importance Of Contraceptives Research Paper

Educating High School Students About The Importance Of Contraceptives - Research Paper Example Providing sexual education to high school students on the significant of using contraceptives is crucial because it is one way of maintaining their health. The health of students is essential because it will enable students to study well in schools without any health complications. Earlier pregnancy to students may lead to health risks especially to young mothers. The research study indicates that a woman is supposed to start giving birth at least when she is more than 18 years old, but about 15 million teenagers bear children when they have not yet reached the required child bearing age. This poses a health risks to them, and the risk to younger mothers is higher than the risk to the mother above 25 to 25 years. For example, the maternal mortality rate for teenagers between 13 to 16 years of age is three times higher than females in their earlier or late twenties. Distributing and educating high school students on the significant of contraceptives will reduce the sexually transmitte d diseases such as HIV/ AIDS and other diseases. STDs pose dangerous threats notably to sexually active students. Most of the high school students are sexually active because of physical changes and peer group influences from their friends. Many of them do not understand the significant and the way of protecting themselves from unwanted pregnancies and STDs. Many societies are frown on issues of premarital sex; thus most high school students may feel ashamed or embarrassed in case they make efforts of seeking help about the use of contraceptives. Therefore, increasing awareness through educating students on the significant of health reproductive and HIV/ AIDS prevention is crucial (Hartman, Monasterio, and Hwang (233). For instance, the school my introduce this programs as school curriculum or provide mass education activities at least once in a month to all students. This is vital because it will raise awareness and enable students to engage in safe sexual intercourse. Sex educatio n on the use of contraceptives is one way through which students become aware of the problems associated with unwanted pregnancies and STDs. Distributing contraceptives such as condoms and educating students on having safe sex is vital. This is because it will enable students to make healthy sexual decisions. Many parents ignore to offer guidance and counseling or teach their teenagers on the importance of using contraceptives because of fear and believe that they will encourage sexual behaviors to their children (Bruess and Jerrold 314). However, educating teenagers on the importance of having safe sex is essential because high schools students already know about sex. For instance, the increased technological advancement especially media and Internet have exposed many teenagers to various sexual behaviors. Therefore, they know everything about sex;

Global Convergence and Divergence Research Paper

Global Convergence and Divergence - Research Paper Example The phenomenon of globalization is the inter-connectedness among the various nations of the world on the basis of economic ties, and this has produced convergence or unity and integration of different world systems. According to Thomas Friedman, globalization is the â€Å"inexorable integration of markets, nation-states, and technologies†¦..the spread of free-market capitalism to virtually every country in the world.† McMichael sees the process of global integration taking place on the basis of â€Å"market rule on a global scale†. This process of integration may be producing a global convergence of different organizational systems. Ugeux defines convergence as the manner in which a series of actions are driven towards a central point of reference – a process resulting in a move towards a common set of principles and objectives. Uguex notes that there appears to be a conceptual convergence in the following aspects: (a) the use of a non-ruling approach, wherein recommendations have been made for Companies to follow, which have been mandatorily imposed, yet are in practice being followed by many countries (b) the majority of the Board of public companies must be independent and executives of the Company are not deemed to be independent (c) Members of the audit committee must be independent directors and must not receive fees or compensation from the Companies (d) the audit committee makes the decision on the hiring of external auditors and this is subject to the approval of the directors and shareholders.

Leadership Management in Action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership Management in Action - Essay Example According to Goffee and Jones (1996), organizational culture is â€Å"glue that holds organizations together† while Gerstener (2002) stated that organizational culture is â€Å"not just one aspect of the game- it is the game†. Organizational culture is important enough for an effective business and so is the case of the hospitality industry. The Hospitality industry is comprised of a list of business whose purpose is to provide product and mainly services to its customers. In such a business where the success of the entire business is based on customer satisfaction an effective and strong organizational culture is crucial. As it is stated above that organization is just like an individual with its own very unique traits and personality, therefore, organizational culture has a key contribution in building a competitive edge over its rivals. Values are the most important components of a strong organizational structure because it is a set of its future goals, philosophies and views that an organization share (Alvesson, 2002).. In a short form, an organization’s mission statement and vision statement are the true examples of its values. Values are the key drivers of an organization and are unique from each other. For a successful organizational culture, it is important to have a clear set of values properly communicated to its employees also include the way that pledges to serve customers treat partners, and maintain proficient standards. For setting up values, an organization must have an understanding of customer needs and to the uniqueness in the quality of services (that are hard to imitable). To ensure effective organizational culture, it is important to have a proper implementation plan to practice the values across the organization. Values of an organization are of less importance unless they are not incorporated in its routine and rituals. For

DB2 - Diversity in the Workplace Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DB2 - Diversity in the Workplace - Research Paper Example This is because having two races in their heritage makes them the most vulnerable group during hiring sessions. Conventionally, African Americans were the main targets of affirmative action because of the inequalities that existed in the United States. Similarly, biracial individuals face discrimination in interview panels and selection agencies due to their mixed race status. Employers should understand that within the concept of diversity lies the principles of tolerance and consideration of different ethnic groups (Korgen, 1999). However, diversity is not based on law but is categorized as a strategic business effort. Therefore, the success of implementing authentic diversity standards for biracial employees will largely depend on the type of organization and the working environment. In conclusion, biracial employees face similar, if more severe conditions in the corporate environment when compared to their African Americans and Caucasian counterparts (Korgen, 1999). Therefore, in the selection of candidates that qualify for affirmative action, this newly formed ethnic group should be considered as they would otherwise suffer a similar plight to other minority groups. This would be detrimental to the organization especially if the section of biracial employees possesses excellent skills and experience that would benefit the

Leadership Management in Action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership Management in Action - Essay Example According to Goffee and Jones (1996), organizational culture is â€Å"glue that holds organizations together† while Gerstener (2002) stated that organizational culture is â€Å"not just one aspect of the game- it is the game†. Organizational culture is important enough for an effective business and so is the case of the hospitality industry. The Hospitality industry is comprised of a list of business whose purpose is to provide product and mainly services to its customers. In such a business where the success of the entire business is based on customer satisfaction an effective and strong organizational culture is crucial. As it is stated above that organization is just like an individual with its own very unique traits and personality, therefore, organizational culture has a key contribution in building a competitive edge over its rivals. Values are the most important components of a strong organizational structure because it is a set of its future goals, philosophies and views that an organization share (Alvesson, 2002).. In a short form, an organization’s mission statement and vision statement are the true examples of its values. Values are the key drivers of an organization and are unique from each other. For a successful organizational culture, it is important to have a clear set of values properly communicated to its employees also include the way that pledges to serve customers treat partners, and maintain proficient standards. For setting up values, an organization must have an understanding of customer needs and to the uniqueness in the quality of services (that are hard to imitable). To ensure effective organizational culture, it is important to have a proper implementation plan to practice the values across the organization. Values of an organization are of less importance unless they are not incorporated in its routine and rituals. For

The south after the civil war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The south after the civil war - Essay Example Earlier the south enjoyed a competitive advantage over the rest of the country with the help of slave energy and cultivation of huge plots of land. This measure had dual advantage. Firstly, the wage or cost per labor was considerably low and secondly this cost benefit was ploughed back into the agricultural business by buying large plots of land and cultivating huge area at one time. Thus it is obvious that the yield this way used to be generating formidable surplus out of the business. Once the civil war was lost and the advantage of slave energy was diminished the landlords or the region found it difficult to adjust with the changed situation of escalated labor cost and in the process they were forced to employ tenants and divide the land into smaller plots. Both these factors diminished returns and this caused the south to face a low per capita income and in the process became the most backward states of the nation. (Kunreuther, 526-51) However, there are opposing views to this hypothesis. Ransom believed that the main cause of economic degradation was due to the fact there was a substantial amount of racism present in the South even after the Civil War. This racism induced low legal and social support for the African American in the region.

Theories Of Innovation And Change Management Essay

Theories Of Innovation And Change Management Essay Spending quality time surfing and researching the internet on Innovation and Change, I realized that there are uncountable theories and researches on innovation and change. From all indication, these researches and theories stated clearly that, innovation is inevitable because business and competition is constantly evolving, typically in the advanced technological tools and systems driven by the constant environment changes which is in line of the definition of Innovation the introduction of new and improved ways of doing things at work (West et al, 2003) or the successful exploitation of new ideas (Porter and Ketels, 2003) While there are many competing models and methods for change and innovation, applying any of them requires a consideration of the individuals or resources involved and the context within which they will be used When innovation is mentioned, it is important to recognize that one key element is people; people are the source of creativity, which is the basis for innovation. As we understand, Creativity is the means of generating new ideas and perspectives. One way to understand people as a source of creativity is to focus on their capabilities, skills, and motivations particularly those that are more likely to produce imaginative and artistic behavior. Leaders need to inspire, motivate and encourage staff to come out with new creative ideas, to reward people for good ideas. According Linda Holbeche; (2006), she does not believe that it is easy to combine the hard and Soft Changes (E and O Theory) as this will lead in mistrust of the orgainations leaders by their staff. The author, on the other hand, explains that organizations who have the skill and capabilities to resolve and combine the two theories will not only improvement or increase profitability and productivity but also put their employees on the adaptation phase for change.  This method will create positive organizational culture of change ownership by employees and will lead to a successful transformational change in the organization (Beer and Nohira, 1995). L. Holbeche (2006) mentioned that successful change occurs when people willingly change their behaviors. This is the same with Lewins force field analysis. With any planned change, works need to be prepared in order to predict the relative success of that change. What the management and leaders should do is to identify the restraining force which developed by Kurt Lewin, a pioneer in the field of social sciences, and alleviate the concerns by providing the people with adequate information about the impending change and its underpinning. According to Lewins force field analysis (1951), an issue is held in balance by the interaction of two opposing sets of forces those seeking to promote change (driving forces) and those attempting to maintain the status quo (restraining forces). force field analysis graphic What could be the utmost motivating factor in gaining employee buy-in is the fact that there will be role or position to be eliminated, and that the change can only enhance processes, eliminating resistance in the process. We to carefully examine the state of affairs of the business before we map up responses to organizational changes, as stated in the diagram above, some people would accept changes while others would decline then eventually resist. The life cycle of change resistance is a gradual process until you acquire at least 90% buy-in. Change leaders are challenged to manage the change towards survival though change might mean to alter existing systems, culture and processes. A clear strategy for this is to break down changes so that the people could absorb it little by little. This means to integrate the driving forces that could increase the rate of change acceptance. The company should look at initiating changes not only based on internal pressures but more emphasis is placed on opposing external pressures. Culture is essential to innovation in organizations as Dobni (2008) stated the objective to be modern, the facilities to support innovation, functional level habits necessary to impact an industry and value direction, and the surroundings to apply innovation (p. 540). With this, innovation could be viewed as contextual from an organizational culture viewpoint and the level to which a company can be modern will circumscribed by its culture. Dobni (2008, p. 543) provides another aspect that associates business culture with innovation through its industry direction. When it comes to change, there are three change phases according to the results of the research carried out by Prosci (2011). The first is preparing for change, the second, managing change and the last reinforcing change. if the three stages are effectively applied success is hence guaranteed. Self Leadership Assessment and Action Plan Self Leadership Assessment and Action Plan Having said all of these, it is evident that leaders should also be in a position to balance between employees freedom and responsibility. Leaders have to do this without domination or control while at the same time, showing concern over employees feelings and needs. There is a need to generously encourage their employees creativity and voice their own concerns, as argued by Amabile (1998) and Peltz, (1956). A successful leader is a great listener to staff concerns and problems. Respect, honesty and trust are key principles in the way I lead and guide my staff.   The approach I follow is a participatory approach in designing and planning the yearly plan, in welcoming opinions and suggestions, in recognizing staff efforts, in providing opportunities for performance development and career path under a collectively approved training/learning plan. Further, fairness is what I follow to treat staff without any biased feeling or favoring one over others. Despite the wealth of knowledge and experience gained over years as a manager, I believe that enhanced skills to enhance and strengthen my leadership skills. To enable myself to efficiently become a successful leader for others to follow and to enable a planned change, leaders need to possess the technical expertise and to select the right people to jointly plan and implement change. Nonetheless, the need for a shared understanding cannot be emphasized enough in the literature. This is the only way that a more open as well as more honest communication can be promoted. Eventually, concrete actions leading to attaining the planned changed can be thus developed through this. At an organizational level, the climate where shared understanding is the dominant norm, maximizing the fit among strategy, structure and purpose related to the impending change. However, there remains the fact that the readiness and the willingness of the people must be in existence to sustain the appropriate kind of work. Owing to this fact, I need to scientifically gain the right knowledge and path of how to become the role model. A feasible and doable action plan would involve: 1) creating an effective team within the division, 2) designing a double vision of the division with defined mission, 3) opening a flow of communication between senior/middle managers and staff (operations talk to program and vice versa), 4) creating recognition and award system based on staff performance and yearly assessment, 5) ensuring a healthy, supportive and creative environment among the division staff, 6) driving creativity, innovation and change within the division; and in every employee inside the organization wherein leaders cannot affect change and innovations alone, they need followers to implement and 7) proving record of respected and trusted leader; support building employees loyalty to the organization. These are namely my plan of action to further enhance and develop my leadership skills that are essential for my career development and for the organizational success. Once these skills are obtained, my performance and capabilities will be stronger as a leader that will lead me to overcome difficult challenges on the way be it internally or externally. I need to reiterate that if we have a trusted, transparent and open relationship between managers/leaders and staff that is built over years, staff will not react strongly against change. Next is to conduct innovation and change-centered exercising programs such as goal setting and process mapping. Organizational Innovation and Change-Related Training This training is designed on studying how to set goals from team and business levels. Such training instructs members how to set goals by using organizational goals, declaration of values and vision and mission statements. Learning how to create innovative goals in the workplace is primary of this program. Strategic innovation goal setting skills are the designed outcome of this training. This training is suitable for staff, professionals and managers, with a total exercising time of 4 hours. The studying goals of this training are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Help the company develops and apply activity plan à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Identify the factors that influence ideal goals à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sequence the steps for putting organizational goals into action à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Applying visualization techniques Innovation and Change-Related Process Mapping Training Process applying represents a visual device used to show you the primary businesses. Process charts are also regarded as communication device, planning device and a device that effectively cuts cost for organizations. The benefits of this training is to enhance the knowing of procedures inner to the company and increases control groups knowing of the business and functional performance. Provided that procedures are the most effective way to manage the company, procedures then directly supports the organizational goal. By improving procedures, the company can enhance inner productivity, efficiency, variety and customer support. Through this, the company could generate useful analytic data in order to obtain conclusions, draw results and produce recommendations. This two-day training is suitable for professionals, program implementers, control associates, program planners, change professionals and enhancement teams. This exercising programs goals are as follows: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Improve efficiency and quality of work through determining critical areas of enhancement à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rediscover primary procedures through analysis of organizational complications Conclusion In summary, there are many ideas and literature on change, innovation and leadership. Some can be implemented successfully while others cannot be actionable on reality.   Many factors control the need for change and change vary in nature like why,. Nevertheless, the most important factor of change that all research and books agreed upon is: the PEOPLE. The authors contemplated on how to correctly and effectively manage the peoples behaviors during a change. The relationship of trust, honesty and respect between leaders and employers, when this is felt within the organization, employees will welcome the change with less resistance be it soft or hard changes. Change is inevitable, particularly in the world of business. Change can cause both positive and negative results for any company. First, change means growth and improvement, thus it can help companies to focus on the different threats and opportunities which can be implemented and prevented inside the organization in order to ensure success and maintain position in the market and industry. On the other hand, change can also cause negative results for any company, particularly in the aspect of management. It can cause huge amount to be spent, at the same time great effort to be exerted in order to ensure that the change will not affect the behavior and attitudes of the employees and other important stakeholders towards the company.

Poking Fun At Personal Ads :: essays research papers

To the SWF with a PhD:Basically, I’m a nervous person. I’ll tell you now that I’ve never had a date, but I just know that we were meant to be. The things you look for, â€Å"slim build, knowledge of the Wicca religion, and the ability to differentiate between Van Gogh and Picasso† describe me to a tee. I can’t wait until our wedding day, which should be soon because I’m nearly over two hills. Did I mention that I’m a nervous person?Concerning the line of your ad stating â€Å"Slim build is a great impression of a man’s true character,† well, I may not actually fit that request. I agree that a slim build is attractive; however, I know of many fat people that have great personalities. I’m not saying that I’m fat, rather stocky or big-boned. The problem is that I don’t hide my weight well. Actually, the truth is I look like a wildebeest covered in plaid and khaki. I have more fur on my back than all eleven of your precious Persians. To top things off, I have an inexplicable odor that creeps out no matter how much cologne I bath in.What I lack in the looks department, I certainly make up for by my knowledge of witchcraft. I’ve realized something about you smart chicks; you always have some fanatical beliefs that are sure to be contested (women’s suffrage, for example). I’ve got this one though; I’ve seen every movie ever made concerning witchcraft: Hocus Pocus, The Craft, and best of all, The Wizard of Oz. I have also memorized portions of Bewitched for our first date. Can you really turn Samantha into a dog by wrinkling your nose? I’ve always wondered that. As my hero, the Wicked Witch of the West would say, â€Å"I’ll get you my pretty,† and your eleven Persians, too. I hope you also like a guy with a sense of humor.As for the differentiation between Picasso and Van Gogh, I’ll be completely forward with you: I have no clue who those people are. I ran upstairs and asked my mom who Picasso was and she told me that it’s the name of a cat I had when I was five. If Van Gogh is another cat’s name, Picasso was cross-eyed, bob-tailed, and could never find the litter box. I’ve done it. I’ve successfully filled your requirements in a man.I feel that we have connected on some level.

Literature Review :: essays research papers

Evaluation of a Mental Health Treatment Court with Assertive Community Treatment 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This article studied the effect of Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) versus Treatment as Usual (TAU) on the life satisfaction ratings, psychological distress, level of functioning, substance use issues, and criminal activity of mentally ill residents of the Santa Barbara County Jail. The study administered four instruments to measure these variables. They used the Behavioral and Symptom Identification scale, the Lehman Quality of Life Scale, the Addiction Severity Index and the Global Assessment of Functioning to measure the effects of treatment. They also viewed arrest records to obtain criminal activity information. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A true experimental design was used. Participants who met the criteria for the study where randomly assigned to a control group, which received Treatment as Usual and a treatment group that was provided Assertive Community Treatment. Assessments were given at the start of the program, in six-month intervals, and then at the end of the program. This indicates a time trial type of method, but a pre-test and post-test were conducted. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Repeat offenders in the county jail who had been diagnosed with mental illnesses where the population studied. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The study indicated that inmates who received ACT and TAU both showed improvement in all areas studied. They found however, that participants in the ACT group reported higher levels of success in reducing drug problems and gaining independent living skills. This would help me in my profession, as I may be able to work in a jail and help repeat offenders become more independent and have fewer drug problems by providing them with Assertive Community Treatment. Effectiveness of Brief Counseling in Reducing HIV Risk Behavior in Injecting Drug Users†¦ 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This article studied the effect of Brief Counseling on the risk behavior of injection drug users entering heroin detoxification treatment. Participants were recruited based on counselor availability, were given a pre-test, randomly assigned to receive either a 50-minute counseling or a packet of educational brochures. A post-test was then administered after three months to see if the individuals had participated in less HIV risk behavior. HIV risk behavior was measured using a questionnaire at pretest and again at subsequent follow-up interviews. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This study was a true experimental design and used the pre-test/post-test format. The subjects were randomly assigned to two groups, given a treatment, and then post-tested. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As mentioned above, the population studied was heroin users entering a detoxification clinic in San Francisco. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The study did not find significant differences between those assigned to counseling or those who received educational brochures in the reduction of risk behavior.

With Every Drop of Blood: Johnny’s Character Development

They hear a shrill scream and both slam their bodies to the ground. Johnny gets up a minute later, covered In a thick layer of dirt, and realized that Cush Is dead still and oozing with blood. Johnny could leave Cush there to die, but he carries him onto his wagon and insists that he stay keep Cush company while his leg heals- even though Cush suggested that Johnny leave him and head home.The book With Every Drop of Blood, by James Lincoln Collier and Christopher Collier, is a story about an unlikely friendship between Cush, n African American union soldier, and Johnny, a southern white boy, set during the civil war. In the beginning of the book, Johnny is an ignorant racist. However, Johnny's friendship with Cush helps him overcome his racist views. Johnny is shocked when he is captured by Cush. He is used to being superior to African Americans, not being commanded and pushed around by one.Everyone back home says It Is beneath the dignity of a white man to have to fight â€Å"darkl es† as equals, and Johnny agrees. He is even questioning whether or not Cush has the rains to know how to shoot a rifle. Johnny thinks to himself, â€Å"Darkles weren't smart enough for much, which Is why they had to have white people over them to tell them how to do things† (p. 77). Being surrounded by racists his whole life has shaped Johnny's opinions about black people, but those opinions change as he gets to know Cush better. Johnny starts to see things from the African American's point of view.He pretends to go to bury EJB, when he was really going to make an escape and go head mom. He gets caught by the Union soldiers and brought back to the camp. There, he gets talking to Cush about his former life as a slave. Cush tells Johnny how his back was whipped raw Just for taking a piece of pork from a pig, right after his father was sold off. Johnny thinks about his home, where people said blacks were lazy, greedy, and too dumb to take care of themselves without a mast er. Johnny thinks, â€Å"l never asked a dark how they felt about being slaves.Was everybody back home wrong? ‘ (p. 42) Now he realizes that everything he was told about slavery could be distorted. Because Cush Is an African American In a union uniform, he gets caught by some Confederates who lock him up in an old tobacco barn in Appoint. Johnny pretends that his family owns Cush, and that they really need the extra help on the farm. The Confederates refuse to release Cush, so Johnny leaves the barn without him and goes to look for Colonel Marshall to see if he'll be any help. Marshall is nowhere to be seen, so Johnny asks a man named Mares Mclean.Mclean tells Johnny that the war has ended. The gunshots stop, and the Confederate soldiers release Cush. Johnny stands by the barn with him and thinks â€Å"It was mighty hard to believe that Cush was lower than me. † Then Johnny offers Cush some company on his way home. Johnny goes from a an Ignorant racist to someone that risks his life to save a black talks to Cush, the more he feels empathy for slaves. Johnny ends up becoming very good friends with Cush, and they both save each other's life. Johnny's friendship with Cush helps him overcome his racist views.

Knowledge Management Practice at Mindtree

KM Practice at Mindtree Mindtree visit: 10th September 2007 Presentation by Raj Datta Mindtree he said believes in a holistic KM Approach. It is important to cover the entire life cycle of knowledge when we think of any Knowledge management initiative in an organization. And to do so we need to recognize the spiral nature of the knowledge and the interdependencies. The 2 types of KM approaches are Control:the organization monitors the KM database and the quality of content generated.Community:The communities of knowledge automatically filter out junk using peer reviews which is a more transparent process. Mindtree approach to build a KM solution †¢ He said that people are naturally motivated to share. †¢ KM is an emergent phenomenon †¢ Knowledge is not produced like manufacture goods †¢ If control is softer there will be more self organization and collaboration †¢ Environment and culture play in important role in KM †¢ A high focus on the needs of the Kn owledge worker is essential †¢ Change is enabled, not forced.KM goal at Mindtree : To establish systems , Process and Culture that helps to continuously build their intellectual capital. Intellectual capital can be found in 3 forms †¢ Knowledge of the people/individuals of the organization. †¢ Knowledge contained in the organizational structures, processes, social networks. †¢ Knowledge contained in the interfaces between the organization and its clients. KM is socio technical in nature. A good and effective KM practice can influence the organization in the following ways | | | |Better Quality | | | |Higher productivity | | | |Innovative Solutions |And therefore |Higher Customer Satisfaction | |Faster response time |———–> |Higher Employee Satisfaction | |Increased Speed of delivery |lead to | | |Shorter learning curves | | | Knowledge lifecycle The cycle given below is called GALIS. The Get and Share parts of the cycle are enabled usin g a centralized repository. Certain types of Knowledge can be imparted by Training. But certain other types of knowledge are emergent. Knowledge that cannot be shared by training needs to be shared and communicated using other means such as †¢ Storytelling †¢ Roleplay †¢ Simulation †¢ Games Stories are the way in which the core values of the company are passed on to the associates.This helps associates understand the levels of integrity, right behavior etc expected from them. The KM journey of Mindtree involves various of SocioTechnical solutions. They are illustrated below Osmosis:It the annual technical fest conducted my Mindtree in which Mindtree minds share their technical project knowledge and demo products/projects to the rest of the company. Communities:Groups of people with common interests who get together and discuss issues pertaining to their areas of interest and thereby enable knowledge sharing. These groups have their own website supported by KM gro up and make their own membership rules. They moderate themselves and are not controlled by any external agent. Examples: OOAD, Japanese, Innovation etcKnowledgeNet, Project Space, Connected Minds and Open Mind are all portals, some which facilitate information exchange and discussions within the organization and some with the clients. KnowledgeSafari,Unconference etc are other techniques used by Mindtree in their KM practice. Knowledge Driven project management is practiced in Mindtree. Neuron:This is a portal that manages the ideas generated by the Mindtree minds. It is the tool for Idea and Innovation management. The tools and techniques used by Mindtree for creative and systematic innovation are †¢ Six thinking hats †¢ TRIZ †¢ Mindmapping Ideas go through the stages of †¢ Feasible †¢ Viable †¢ Develop †¢ DeployOn the portal the idea submissions have the following fields Idea: Submitted by: Primary category: Primary Nurturer: State:feasible/viabl e/etc IP Potential: Any comment on any idea should always be accompanied by comments from all the thinking hat perspectives i. e a black hat comment has to be substantiated with comments from all the other colored hat perspectives. This way the initial biases towards any idea are removed and subjectivity in decisions is reduced. The rewards and recognition for practicing KM in the organization are given in the following forms †¢ Community Champion award †¢ Innovation award †¢ Top 10 submitters award †¢ Patenting Award †¢ Community of the quarter award.Over the course of time it has been observed that the incidence of awards are coming down and knowledge sharing is happening with lesser external incentives. Conclusion The following are the important points to be noted from this study †¢ The culture of the organization impacts the KM practice †¢ Communities of practice is an effective way of knowledge sharing . †¢ It is important to note the pow er of IT in KM †¢ The socio-technical nature if KM has to be considered seriously for any KM practice. ———————– INNOVATE APPLY LEARN GET SHARE INNOVATE Neuron COLLABORATE ConnectedMinds+OpenMind+ProjectSpace SHARE KnowledgeNet OSMOSIS Annual Tech Fest COMMUNITIES

Medical Marijuana

Dustin Flynn Assn# 5 Example/Comparison/Argumentative Inductive TREAT THE SYMPTOMS, NOT THE INJURY For centuries marijuana has been used by the top doctors of their time. And until recently, the past thirty years, the actual physical effects were unknown. Over the past three decades Science and Medicine have been researching what useful and healing effects this herb has, if any. Through my research I have found what I had only thought to be true. Marijuana does have great medicinal use. It is currently being used for an array of illnesses and injuries. But its most effective uses are focused in treating the onsets of AIDS and the symptoms from chemotherapy in the treatment of cancer. Those onsets and symptoms are anxiety, declining appetite, nausea, and general pain. These ailments bare a strong resemblance of the symptoms of Traumatic Brain Injury, or TBI. It is because of these resemblances that I have come to the conclusion that marijuana could be the best treatment for the symptoms associated with TBI. In this article I am going to explain the historical uses of marijuana, the symptoms of TBI, the current treatments for TBI, how marijuana works, and the valued effects that marijuana can provide for persons diagnosed with TBI. As I said before, marijuana has been used for centuries for medicinal use. The first uses are dated back before 4000 BCE, (Before Common Era), as a food source because of its protein and omega 3 content. â€Å"The first recorded medicinal use was in 2737 BCE. Emperor Shen-Nung of China suggested it be used for the treatment of constipation, menstruation cramps, rheumatism, malaria, gout, and absentmindedness. †(Sanna, 18) Now if we look at some of these ailments and diseases and take some of the symptoms that are associated with them. We can see that they are similar to symptoms associated with TBI. Take rheumatism for example, most people associate rheumatism with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis. But in its most simple diagnosis it is described as general pain and weakness, which is a common symptom with a major diagnosis of TBI. Patients with a major diagnosis can be in, sometimes, constant pain, because the receptors in the brain that regulate pain are damaged due to their TBI. So centuries before things were the way they are now, there was a suitable prescription for one major symptom associated with TBI. Now lets look at absentmindedness, we cannot be sure what the exact definition of this could have been in 2737 BCE. But what we can take from this is that even back then it was acknowledged that marijuana was a suitable prescription for issues concerning the brain. The Emperor was able to see a beneficial change in mood, memory, or thought process. Something made a significant change for him to recommend marijuana. Marijuana became very popular medically in China and eventually made its way to Europe. Around 500 BCE marijuana reached Europe, and with its long reputation as a medicating plant, the Europeans immediately put it into personal testing. â€Å"Doctors of that time separated marijuana into two groups, weedy, and cultivated. †(Sanna 18) The weedy marijuana was best used for curing hard tumors. And the cultivated marijuana was best used for soothing and curing coughs. Now that might seem like a big difference in the severity of symptoms, but the Doctors of that time tested marijuana with almost every ailment and disease that was brought to their attention. Again as before, if we look at one of these symptoms and compare it with symptoms of TBI we can see the benefits. As a patient with any severity of TBI there is a higher risk of developing cancerous and malignant tumors in the brain. â€Å"Doctors and Scientists are unsure of why this is associated with TBI†(Chew 851-878), but their research shows that the risks are there. Marijuana has certain properties called â€Å"Cannabinoids† (Richmond) that actually convince tumors anywhere in the body to commit suicide. The reason this is so beneficial for patients with TBI, patients who are at higher risk of developing tumors in the brain, is because the â€Å"Cannabinoids† in marijuana link up with our bodies own â€Å"Endocannabinoid System†, (Richmond) a system which naturally produces cannabis in our bodies, and fight tumors in the brain. â€Å"Tumors in the brain are the hardest forms of tumors in the body to cure, because they are so hard to treat. (Chew 851-878) It is extremely dangerous for Doctors to operate on the the brain, and normal chemotherapy will usually kill the patient before it kills the tumor due to what is called the â€Å"blood/brain barrier†. (Chew 851-878) â€Å"The blood/brain barrier† is a filter of sorts, the brain has to have whole blood and oxygen to operate properly. The â€Å"blood/brain barr ier† filters out toxins such as the ones used in chemotherapy, and is very selective in what it lets in the brain. The â€Å"Cannabinoids† found in marijuana are able to pass through that â€Å"blood/brain barrier† freely which allows it to do its job and destroy tumors, naturally. Let us skip ahead to around the ninth century. Marijuana has gained popularity as a medicine everywhere east of the Atlantic. And in â€Å"India it was claimed to cure dandruff, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, leprosy, insomnia, and tuberculosis. † (Sanna 18) As far as these ailments and diseases go, insomnia is the one symptom that is shared with patients of TBI. Many patients with any severity of TBI experience insomnia, or other sleeping disorders. Research today supports the Indians theories that marijuana can and does treat insomnia. Now to bring it home, in the United States from 1850 to 1942 marijuana was actually listed in the U. S. Pharmacopeia, which is the list of government approved and recommended drugs for use in treatment of patients. At that time marijuana was stilled called cannabis and was being used in the treatment of labor pains and nausea. But in 1942 the United States Government declared cannabis, (marijuana), a level one narcotic and was made illegal to prescribe, posses, or cultivate. Out of the two ailments that marijuana was being used for at that time, nausea, is a direct symptom of TBI. Patients with any severity of TBI can have chronic nausea brought on by a injured equilibrium. This injury can have the affects of severe motion sickness even when a patient is standing or sitting still. Finally in 2003, â€Å"Canada became the first country in the world to offer medical marijuana to patients† (Sanna 18), initially if was for the treatments of symptoms associated with cancer and AIDS. Since 2003 some states in the United States have followed that example, California being the first, but since medical marijuana is still Federally illegal patients, Doctors, and pharmacies can be arrested, closed, and have their licenses removed. Which makes the freedom of prescribing and receiving medication difficult. â€Å"More than 5. 3 million people, or approximately two percent of the U. S. Population, are living with disabilities resulting from Traumatic Brain Injury. † (Chew 851-878) Here is a list of some of the difficult symptoms, both mentally and physically, that these patients could be facing on a daily basis. Mentally; Attention Deficit Disorder, memory loss, depression, easily agitated, irritability, unprovoked acts of aggression and violence, mania, psychoses, and mood swings. These are just the main mental struggles these patients possibly face suffering from TBI. Physically; Random loss of consciousness, disorientation, headaches, general pain, loss of balance, nausea and vomiting, blurred vision, ringing in the ears, bad taste in the mouth, sensitivity to light and sound, sleeping disorders, seizures, and loss of bladder and bowel control. With all of these symptoms these patients could be facing it is hard to think of the cocktail of medicine that these patients could be forced to take on a daily basis. Currently pharmaceutical companies try only to treat one symptom at a time, it makes for a bigger business and more profits, which leaves the patient, especially in this case, on the long road to recovery. Currently there are over thirty one different drugs being used just to treat the mental symptoms associated with TBI, with no one drug being able to treat multiple symptoms. So that means in most cases these patients are using at least two drugs on a trial basis at any given time, and if there is no change in symptoms they are simply switched to another medication until they achieve satisfactory effects. Just imagine the strain these patients are putting on their livers just to ease the symptoms of a Traumatic Brain Injury. And this is how it is for every patient, Doctors are still unable to come up with what works best for certain symptoms. With that uncertainty, patients become human test subjects, and each Doctor becomes a researcher. And in some cases of mild TBI, the medication that is prescribed has side effects that out weigh the patients initial symptoms. Why would anyone want to take medicine to stop vomiting if the outcome was constipation; and if someone has loss of balance, the medicine prescribed could make them extremely drowsy and have them sleep all day. The world of pharmaceuticals is expensive, representatives from these companies turn Doctors in to salesmen and spokesman. And the outcome is high cost prescriptions that cost the patient and the insurance companies millions of dollars every year, not to mention the huge amount of money that these companies receive from the government every year to research and produce new â€Å"miracle† drugs. Marijuana is made up of over 421 natural chemicals, of which over sixty are Cannabinoids†. (Richmond) Now as I mentioned earlier, we all have what is called a â€Å"Endocannabinoid System†, which regulates the â€Å"Cannabinoids† that are body naturally produces, that is right our bodies produce cannabis. The natural â€Å"Cannabinoids† in our body are used almost like our immune system. When there is something wrong in our bodies an alarm goes off, like when we get a cold, and our immune system rushes in and attacks that bad thing trying to kill it. Our â€Å"Endocannabinoid System† works almost the same way but it is able to fight many bad things at once, while also protecting our good cells, regulating proper brain function, and leveling our anxiety. Our â€Å"Endocannabinoids System† is very advanced, it is mostly gathered in the brain, but it spans through the liver, the bones and the nervous system. There are four main â€Å"Cannabinoids† that Doctors and Scientists have been able to focus on because of there over all medicinal uses. The first and most recognizable is Delta 9-Tetraydrocannabinol or THC. THC is a psychoactive component that mimics and enhances the bodies own Endocannabinoids System† (Richmond); which widely effects mood, appetite, sleep, and good cell protection. So for patients who have been diagnosed with TBI that have appetite loss, sleeping disorders, and mood swings, this component of marijuana can greatly help. The second main â€Å"Cannabinoid† is Cannabidol or CBD. à ¢â‚¬Å"CBD is a non-psychoactive component that enhances the sedative effect† (Richmond), which is good for patients diagnosed with TBI specifically dealing with insomnia. It also is an excellent anti-inflammatory, and bone growth stimulant. It has anti-diabetic and anti-bacterial capabilities, it also has anti-proliferative anti-cancerous capabilities, which means it helps to kill malignant tumors. It is a anti-spasmodic, which fights against muscle spasms and seizures. It is a neuroprotectant that helps regulate pain due to nerve damage, and it is a anti-psychotic, which helps in the fight against schizophrenia, these last three symptoms are directly associated with TBI. The third main â€Å"Cannabinoid† is Tetrahydrocannabivarin or THCV. THCV is a non-psychoactive component† (Richmond) that helps the other main â€Å"Cannabinoids† to be delivered faster, and to the correct spots where the â€Å"Endocannabinoid System† is possibly running low on ammunition. This component could extremely help patients diagnosed with TBI to get the correct â€Å"Cannabinoids† where they are needed quicker. But its downfall can be that if there is to much THCV in the certain strain of marijuana, that the effects of the other â€Å"Cannabinoids† will be short lived. It is also a very effective protective/preventive against type two diabetes. The last main â€Å"Cannabinoid† is Cannabichromene or CBC. â€Å"CBC is a psychoactive component that is a lower strength Cannabinoid† (Richmond) which is a excellent anti-depressant, anti-inflammatory, bone growth stimulant, that strongly prohibits tumor growth in Leukemia and breast cancer. There are few solid arguments against the evidence that has been shown in today's scientific research. The most popular argument about using marijuana medicinally is that when smoked we are actually introducing tar and other cancer causing agents into our body. But research shows that there is absolutely, one hundred percent, no evidence to support the theory of that. In fact it is quite the opposite. Also to help against that argument, there are now ways of ingesting marijuana without smoking it, it can be made into a butter and cooked into everyday foods. It can be made into a spray form that is applied directly under the tongue, and it also comes in a very low dosage pill form which is currently used only for nausea and vomiting associated with cancer and AIDS treatments. Another argument is that there is no way to regulate the dosage on marijuana because there is such a difference between strains of the marijuana plant, someone could overdose. Scientist have proven that if someone was to overdose on marijuana that the initial reaction the body will put off is to just go to sleep, that is it. The patient would just sleep it off as if it were a hangover, minus the headache in the morning. Also the longest possible side effects will last with marijuana is only a few hours, even if there is a overdose situation. In the thousands of recorded years of marijuana use, for recreation or medically, there has not been one recorded death, no one has died just from using marijuana. In fact scientists have come up with what it would take for a person to actually die from smoking marijuana. â€Å"A person would have to smoke 1500 pounds of marijuana in about fifteen minuets, and they would probably die of asphyxiation. † (Richmond) The only other argument that has any solid ground is that, at least in the United States, marijuana is still federally illegal to posses, cultivate, and distribute. And to that argument, the only thing I can say is that it will take the states themselves to stand up and take care of their own people, and provide them with the medicines they need, then eventually the federal government will have to fall in line. In seeing this evidence of marijuana and its scientifically proven medicinal uses, most people can not believe it is true. People cannot believe that there is one drug that is able to treat so many things at once. The truth is that for thousands of years our body has produced this drug on its own, and with the growth of humans not only intellectually but physically, and industrially. We have created a world that has taken our â€Å"Endocannabinoid System† and made it in some cases useless. We are introduced to so many toxins in our food, in our air, and even in our medications that we have not been able to upgrade our â€Å"Endocannabinoid System†, like we have with our immune system ,with the introduction of vaccines and certain pollutants. Thousands of years ago, before we created most of the toxins of today's world, our â€Å"Endocannabinoid System† was perfectly able to combat along with our immune system against most of the ailments and everyday aches and pains. We have not steadily increased our intake of â€Å"Cannabinoids† like we have with other things. We are still operating at a level suitable for life thousands of years ago. With the introduction of marijuana into our bodies we will not only be able to fight against these tough symptoms associated with TBI, but we could possibly be able to prevent and possibly cure diseases like cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, and many other everyday symptoms that we are all faced with in our life. Thesis Statement: marijuana could be the best treatment for the symptoms associated with Traumatic Brain Injury. OUTLINE I-TREAT THE SYMPTOMS; NOT THE INJURY A-Historical uses of marijuana B-Symptoms of TBI C-Current treatments of TBI D-How marijuana works E-The valued affects that marijuana can provide for persons diagnosed with TBI II-Historical uses of Marijuana A-Before 4000 BCE a-used as a food source B-First recorded medical use in 2737 BCE a-Emperor Shen-Nung of China makes suggested uses C-Marijuana in Europe around 500 BCE D-Marijuana in India around the Ninth Century E-U. S. Between 1850 and 1942 a-Marijuana is listed in U. S. Pharmacopeia F-2003, Canada become first country to legalize Marijuana for Medical use III-Symptoms of TBI A-Mental Symptoms B-Physical Symptoms IV-How Marijuana Works A-A brief description of the Endocannabinoid System B-The affects of marijuana on the Endocannabinoid System C-Four main Cannabinoids found in marijuana V-The valued affects that marijuana can provide for persons diagnosed with TBI A-The four main Cannabinoids and there healing powers VI-Arguments against the use of medical marijuana A-Marijuana smoke is bad for you B-No way to regulate dosage, possible overdose C-In the U. S. It is still federally illegal to posses, cultivate, and distribute VII-Marijuana and its overall affect on our body A-Marijuana is a great natural substance that cannot only heal us but prevent us from acquiring new ailments B-Marijuana is the best treatment for the symptoms associated with TBI REFERENCES Fogarty, A; Rowstone, P; Prestag, G; Crawford, J; Grierson, J; Kippax, S. â€Å"Marijuana as a Therapy for People Living with HIV/AIDS: Social and Health Aspects. AIDS Care February/19(2) 2007: 295-301 WEB August 15, 2011 www. cinahl. com/cgi-bin/refsvc? jid=914&accno=2009490500 Cotter, J. â€Å"Efficiency of Crude Marijuana and Synthetic Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol as Treatment for Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: A Systematic Literature Review† Oncology Nursing Forum May/36(3) 2009: 345-352 WEB August 15, 20011 www. cinahl. com/cgi-bin/refsvc? jid=293&accno=2010421156 Chew, E; Zafonte, R. â€Å"Pharma cological Management of Neurobehavioral Disorders following Traumatic Brain Injury-A State-of-the-Art Review†¦ Research to Improve the Lives of Veterans: Approaches to Traumatic Brain Injury; Screening, Treatment, Management, and Rehabilitation in Arlington, Virginia, April 30 to May 2, 2008. † Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development June/46(6) 2009: 851-878 WEB August 15, 2011 www. cinahl. com/cgi-bin/refsvc? jid=1009&accno=2010544758 Sanna, E. J. Mind Altering Weed Broomall: Mason Crest, 2008 Print What if Cannabis could Cure Cancer. Dir. Lee Richmond. Lee Richmond Films LLC 2010 Film Medical Marijuana Marijuana is the most commonly used drug in the United States. However, it has singular distinction of being both a commonly used illegal substance and also a legally prescribed medical substance. Marijuana will always be used for private reasons or for medical purposes. Isn’t it a good thing that children not even four years of age are offered medical marijuana to cure diseases such as epilepsy? Seth Ammerman and Courtney Williams are writers for New’s Digital weekly. These articles were published in December of 2012. Courtney and Seth state their point of view about medical marijuana.Should medical marijuana be prescribed to children? People who are against medical marijuana say that there is not enough scientific research to support prescribing cannabis. Medical Marijuana is only legalized in some states because everyone has their own right to state their own opinion. Not every state agrees. In every cannabis plant there are cannabinoids, which are the THC and CBD ch emicals. THC is the chemical that drug cartels use illegally. Cannabidol is the chemical that is put into medical marijuana. Most dispensaries do not get tested for there cannabinoid content.The chemical is usually unknown. One of the major issues to prescribing a child medical marijuana is the cause of addiction. Marijuana can alter the brain into wanting the drug all the time. The younger a child starts to use cannabis, the child may never want to stop. (Ammerman 2) Of course there are side effects that may give you a negative feeling about using medical marijuana, such as anxiety, paranoia, and depression. While some people say what if. There are others who take a risk and take a chance. Parents who have chosen cannabis to treat their child have raised their eyebrows.A two year old had to go through 39 hours of surgery, while under anesthesia for 42 days. The doctor sent the child home on hospice and morphine. The child’s pediatrician suggested cannabis. The two year old i s now alive and free of cancer. (Williams 2) Marijuana contains of Vitamin C and Vitamin D. Vitamin F is also found in medical marijuana that contains a cannabinoid acid, which allows the cells in your brain to treat the disorder. (Williams 2) In my own opinion, I’m for medical cannabis. Children can always stop themselves from becoming addicted if they use the drug correctly and they do not abuse it.There are millions of people today using cannabis as medicine. While children are throwing a million and one pills down their throat and nothing is working. You can never doubt medical marijuana. Medical marijuana will be able to cure anything. Should medical marijuana be prescribed to children? Yes, it should. Medical marijuana is a touchy subject. There may not be enough scientific evidence, but who needs evidence when there is proof. All you have to do is take one look at a child who is free of cancer from using medical marijuana. That child is the proof.